Odyssey :: essays research papers

1. Does the Odysseus of these books appear to be changed in character from the Odysseus of Books V †XII? Provided that this is true, why? In the books 5 to 12 Odysseus’ character doesn't generally experience any advances starting with one feature then onto the next. Odysseus despite everything conveys similar properties and qualities directly all the way to the finish of the story. It is, in any case, apparent in book 22, when Odysseus renders his retribution upon the admirers, that we see a very surprising side to Odysseus’ character. Both these two focuses will be tended to in this answer. Toward the start of the Epic, Odysseus is introduced as a fearless and gallant man who regularly ponders his home, spouse and child. He is a character that adores narrating, which likewise incorporates lying effortlessly. Odysseus â€Å"the man of numerous resources† never shows signs of change in his manners all through the remainder of the Epic, as he stays consistent to all his previous characteristics. Along these lines clearly Odysseus is a truly steady legend who acts and thinks in a similar way consistently, much like any human. Be that as it may, there is a contort to this discussion, as in Book 22 when he battles the admirers and wins we do see an altogether different side to the character of Odysseus. In this book, Homer presents Odysseus to us as a savage and un-pardoning character one who has everything set on crushing everything he can. Odysseus could fundamentally be portrayed as relentless. We see this specifically when Odysseus â€Å"stuck Leodes full in the neck.† Leodes had submitted to Odysseus yet he was honored with no expectation of acknowledgment as Odysseus had just settled on the suitor’s destiny. This is a significant change in the manner that Odysseus is depicted in the various <a href=http://www.

Communication Satellites And Computer Networks

Correspondence Satellites And Computer Networks A correspondence satellite which is some of the time truncated to COMSAT is a fake satellite to take part in space with the end goal of media communications. Current correspondence satellites utilize various circles including geostationary circles, Molina circles, other circular circles and low earth circles. They are additionally utilized for versatile applications, for example, correspondences to ships, vehicles, planes and hand held terminals and for TV and radio telecom, for which utilization of different advances, for example, link is unreasonable or unthinkable. HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION SATELLTES The principal counterfeit satellite was the soviet sputnik 1, propelled on October 4, 1957, and furnished with a locally available radio transmitter that dealt with two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002 MHz The main American satellite to transfer correspondence was venture score in 1958, which utilized a recording device to store and forward voice messages. It was utilized to send messages like welcome and so forth. After that NASA propelled an Echo satellite in 1960. Telstar was the main dynamic, direct hand-off correspondences satellite. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTER NETWORKS. A multi-hub, satellite correspondence framework utilizing an adjusted communicate framework is unveiled for utilized with disseminated PC systems. The framework includes a majority of system hubs (PC frameworks) each fit for transmitting to some other hub at a solitary novel recurrence, yet equipped for accepting from every single other hub at the same time. Every hub in the n-hub organize includes a solitary transmitter with up to n-1 collectors, with every hub equipped for parleying a majority of solicitations for transmission get to. The creation includes a strategy for conveying advanced data in a system of geological appropriated PCs. GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES A satellite in a geostationary circle seems, by all accounts, to be in a fixed situation to an earth-based spectator. In 1945, Arthur C. Clarke depicts a total correspondence framework that utilized kept an eye on geostationary satellites, including the circles, sun oriented boards, radio frequencies and dispatch techniques. Yet, it was fizzled, on the grounds that these satellites were unfeasible because of the inconceivability of putting eager for power, delicate, vacuum tube speakers into space. The principal correspondence satellite, Telstar was propelled in July 1962. At that point correspondence Satellites have become a multibillion dollar business and the main part of space that has gotten exceptionally compact. These high-flying satellites are called GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellites. Geostationary satellites space a lot nearer than 2 degrees in the 360-degree tropical plane, to stay away from impedance. With a space of 2 degrees, there must be 360/2 =180 of these sa tellites in the sky at ones. In any case, every transponder can utilize various frequencies and polarization to build the accessible transfer speed. Current satellite was weighing up 4000kg and expending a few kilowatts of electric force delivered by the sun based boards. ITU has designated certain recurrence groups to satellite clients. The primary groups are recorded as C band was the first to be assigned for business satellite traffic and the capitalized one for uplink traffic. To permit traffic to go the two different ways simultaneously, two channels is required, one going every way. These groups are packed in light of the fact that they are additionally utilized by the basic bearers for earthly microwave joins. The L and S groups were included by universal understanding in 2000. Band Downlink Uplink Data transfer capacity Issues L 1.5GHZ 1.6GHZ 15MHZ Low data transfer capacity; swarmed S 1.9GHZ 2.2GHZ 70MHZ Low data transfer capacity; swarmed C 4.0GHZ 6.0GHZ 500MHZ Earthly obstruction Ku 11GHZ 14GHZ 500MHZ Downpour Ka 20GHZ 30GHZ 3500MHZ Downpour, gear cost The following most elevated band accessible to business media transmission transporters is the Ku band. Data transmission allotted in the Ka band for business traffic, yet the gear expected to utilize it is as yet costly. A cutting edge satellite has around 40 transponders, each with a 80-MHZ band width. The principal geostationary satellites had a solitary bar that lit up around 1/3 of the earth㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢s surface called impression. MEDIUM-EARTH ORBIT SATELLITES MEO (Medium-Earth Orbit) satellites followed as travel through the sky. These are lower than GEOs; they have littler impression on the ground and require less incredible transmitters to contact them. LOW-EARTH ORBIT LEO (LOW EARTH ORBIT) satellite because of their quick movement, enormous quantities of them is required for a total framework. In this segment we will analyze, two focused on voice correspondence and one focused on network access. LEO earth satellites are more affordable to dispatch into space than geostationary satellites. A grou8p of satellites working in show is a Satellite group of stars. Worldwide STAR An iridium elective plan is worldwide star. It dependent on 48 LEO satellites. In any case, it utilizes an alternate exchanging plan than that of iridium. Worldwide star utilizes a customary bowed funnel plan. The call starting at the North Pole is sent back to earth and got by the huge ground station at Santa㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢s Workshop. The call is steered through an earthbound system to the ground station closest the cal lee and conveyed by a bowed funnel association. The benefit of worldwide star plot is that it puts a great part of the unpredictability on the ground, where it is simpler to oversee. MOLNIYA ORBIT The Molniya circle is planned with the goal that the satellite spends the extraordinary dominant part of its time over the far northern scopes, during which its ground impressions moves just somewhat. Its period is one half day, with the goal that the satellite is accessible for activity for eight hours consistently unrest. The Molniya satellites are commonly utilized for communication and TV benefits over Russia. HOW SATELLITE COMMUNICATION WORKS? The idea of satellite based system is to transmit and get signal from ground stations. The reason for satellite correspondence is to utilize it for video transmission and sharing. In basic words a satellite is a gadget which spins around the earth either for gathering valuable data or for helping move of data. HOW DO SATELLITES COMMUNICATE? Satellites impart through a mind boggling arrangement of telemetry that associates and transmits flags among satellites and earth-bound stations. This framework starts with telemetry, following and order (TTC) subsystem which tracks and coordinates signals. TTC produces signal that are straightforwardly commensurable to the amount that is being estimated, encoding and transmitting these sign to inaccessible stations on earth. Uses OF COMMUNICATION SATELLITES The uses of correspondence satellites are, Phone Satellite Television Fixed Service Satellite Direct Broadcast satellites Satellite radio Portable satellite advances Novice radio Satellite web Military employments Route Phone The primary application for correspondence satellites was in intercontinental significant distance communication. People in general exchanged phone organize transfers calls from landline phones to an earth station where they are transmitted to geostationary satellite. SATELLITE TELEVISION The satellite TV is generally not many signs of huge band width to numerous collectors being an increasingly exact counterpart for the abilities of geosynchronous comsats. Two satellite sorts are utilized for North American Television and radio that are Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS). DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE It is a correspondence satellite that transmits to little DBS satellite dishes. It is generally 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in a width. SATELLITE RADIO A Satellite radio offers sound administrations in certain nations, generally in United States. Versatile administrations permit audience members to wander a mainland, tuning in to a similar sound programming anyplace. A Satellite radio or membership radio(SR) is a computerized radio sign that is communicated by an interchanges satellite, which covers an a lot more extensive geological range than earthly radio signs. Versatile SATELLITE TECHNOLOGIES At first accessible for communicate to fixed TV collectors. A few fabricates have presented uncommon recieving wires for versatile gathering of DBS TV. Such portable DBS radio wires are utilized by stream blue Airways for Direct TV, which travelers can see on board on LCD screens mounted in the seats. End Correspondence satellite has truly cleared path for some innovations to develop and its development in innovation profoundly diminishes the expense of conveying a satellite. Clients of satellite frameworks will profit by new assistance alternatives and solidness in wording current satellites and their substitution. It is valuable to financial matters of developing and working correspondence satellites. To finish up, I was truly profited by getting more information by doing this task by investigating on Communication satellite.

Describe And Assess The Importance Of Constructed Wetlands In The

Describe And Assess The Importance Of Constructed Wetlands In The Describe And Assess The Importance Of Constructed Wetlands In The Process Of Mine Pollution â€" Assignment Example > Introduction Living in industrial world has become a catastrophe to both organism and community especially when there is no effective management of contaminants from the industries. Mustafa (2013) defined industry as the processes and activities that produce goods from raw materials and in the process, there is creation of by-products which can pollute environment and have adverse effects on the ecosystem. Over the years, the mining industry has experienced a lot of burden of negative ecological criticism and resilient government regulations. Different environmental analysts has the same perception that extraction of minerals and processing is a source of contaminants to water, air and soil especially when effective environmental measures are not observed. Mining industries have also been associated with infertile and unproductive lands. Therefore, in order to reduce the pollutants and recover the environmental particularly in mine lands, different governments passed surface and m ining acts. For example, United States passed Surface and Mining Control and reclamation Act 1977 which needed mining operators to achieve the set standards of environmental sustainability and quality. One of the most challenging contaminant to the ecosystem is the acid released by industries. According to Chen, Yan, Lei Xiao (2014) the techniques which are employed to remedy water pollution is normally timely and have intense cost and in most cases these strategies go for longer years until the mining station is abandon. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) however has seen a positive solution since the creation of wetlands to remediate pollutants induced by human (Patova Dorokhova, 2008). Constructed wetlands has a continuous system to treat acid mine drainage at low cost and this has been perceived as an effective solution to the growing pollution from mining industries (Mustafa, 2013). Acid Mine Drainage in mining industries Acid mine drainage (AMD) results when there is a reaction betw een sulfide oxide in the mines and water and air. This in turn creates sulfate and hydrogen ions. The minerals that are accounted to this reaction are coal and all metal mining solutions (Ohioline. osu. edu, 2015). It is during the process of extraction which exposes these minerals to ‘ride out’ on air, water or microbial processes. This exposure causes contamination to water which increases its acidity. There will be elevation of heavy metals and other dissolved solids which make water become toxic to the uses-both aquatic and terrestrial life. The mining industry has classification of contaminants with particular concern and they include iron, acidity and aluminum. Also, chemosynthetic bacteria are also another source of AMD which are known to catalyze pyrite oxidation process (Zheng, Gu, Zhou Li, 2013). Problems linked with Acid Mine Drainage Acid Mine drainage has metal components from mines which contaminates water. When the by-product of mining industry is released to th e water, they interact with these metals. AMD composition upsets growth and reproduction of aquatic habitats. This may lead to migration or even death of these habitats. Acid has a corroding effect and therefore it affects parts of the infrastructure like bridges and road side guards. This in turn subject public using road transport to the risk of accidents (Sehlke, Hayes Stevens, 2004).

Southwest Airlines, Global Positioning System Humans Is...

Facebook, Southwest Airlines, Global Positioning System: humans have succeeded in creating all of these household names. Due to our ability to develop things like these we, as humans, like to think of ourselves as the most developed creatures on the planet. Our ability to control the world around us is more powerful than any other creature and is what makes our society so predominant. Is the power of humans due to our ability to cooperate with each other, or is it due to our ability to look out for ourselves? Although human inventions are important, the motives behind these inventions are even more important. The Internet, aviation, and radar are now considered everyday items, however they were originally created to assist in warfare. The advancement of humans is driven by competition and the pressures of conflict, emphasizing that our power is due to our ability to look out for ourselves rather than our ability to cooperate with each other. Although it would be easier to believe tha t human behavior is moral, the harsh truth is that in the state of nature humans are competitive and selfish. The competitiveness of humans can be seen through the fact that government coercion is necessary, the history of humanity was at a state of continual warfare, and that evolution has shown that our predecessors needed aggression to survive. The question of the morality of humans’ state of nature has long been researched, however a definite answer fails to exist. The state of nature isShow MoreRelatedAirbus Case Study 26225 Words   |  25 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 STRATEGIC ANALYSIS 2 Competitive Positioning 4 Core Competencies 5 Corporate Diversification and Collaborative Strategy 5 Global Strategy 6 Ethical Issues 6 Disruptive Technologies 8 Global Economics 9 STRATEGIC ANALYSIS CONCLUSIONS 10 ALTERNATIVES 11 Financing Services 11 Supersonic Technologies 12 Stretch Existing A340 Model 13 RECOMMENDATIONS 14 A3XX Postponement 14 Diversification into Service and Maintenance 15 STRENGTHS 15 WEAKNESSES 17 OPPORTUNITIES 17 Read MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pageseffective case analysis C-3 CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4 CASE 5 CASE 6 CASE 7 ABB in China, 1998 C-16 Ansett Airlines and Air New Zealand: A flight to oblivion? C-31 BP–Mobil and the restructuring of the oil refining industry C-44 Compaq in crisis C-67 Gillette and the men’s wet-shaving market C-76 Incat Tasmania’s race for international success: Blue Riband strategies C-95 Kiwi Travel International Airlines Ltd C-105 CASE 8 Beefing up the beefless Mac: McDonald’s expansion strategies in India: C-120 Read MoreCase Studies: Sas Airline Ryanair80169 Words   |  321 PagesHow did the deregulation of air transportation in Europe foster entrepreneurial behavior and innovation in the European airline industry over the last twenty years? Case studies: SAS Airline Ryanair Master Thesis in Entrepreneurship and Dynamic Business Contexts Spring 2007 Supervisor: Hà ¥kan Bohman Entrepreneurship Master Program Authors:
Gilles Helterlin and Nuno Ramalho
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The French Revolution, Its Outcome, and Legacy

The outcome of the French Revolution, which began in 1789 and lasted for more than a decade, had numerous social, economic, and political effects not just in France but also in Europe and beyond.   Prelude to Revolt By the late 1780s, the French monarchy was on the brink of collapse. Its involvement in the American Revolution had left the regime of King Louis XVI bankrupt and desperate to raise funds by taxing the wealthy and the clergy. Years of bad harvests and rising prices for basic commodities led to social unrest among the rural and urban poor. Meanwhile, the growing middle class (known as the bourgeoisie) was chafing under an absolute monarchical rule and demanding political inclusion. In 1789  the king called for a meeting of the Estates-General—an advisory body of clergy, nobles, and bourgeoisie that had not convened in more than 170 years—to garner support for his financial reforms. When the representatives assembled in May of that year, they couldnt agree on how to apportion representation. After two months of bitter debate, the king ordered delegates locked out of the meeting hall. In response, they convened on June 20 on the royal tennis courts, where the bourgeoisie, with the support of many clergy and nobles, declared themselves the new governing body of the nation, the National Assembly, and  vowed to write a new constitution. Although Louis XVI agreed  in principle to these demands, he began plotting to undermine the Estates-General, stationing troops throughout the country. This alarmed the peasants and middle class alike, and on July 14, 1789, a mob attacked and occupied the Bastille prison in protest, touching off a wave of violent demonstrations nationwide. On Aug. 26, 1789, the National Assembly  approved the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Like the Declaration of Independence in the United States, the French declaration guaranteed all citizens equal, enshrined property rights and free assembly, abolished the absolute power of the monarchy and established representative government. Not surprisingly, Louis XVI refused to accept the document, triggering another massive public outcry. The Reign of Terror For two years, Louis XVI and the National Assembly co-existed uneasily as reformers, radicals, and monarchists all jockeyed for political dominance. In April 1792 the Assembly declared war on Austria. But it quickly went badly for France, as Austrian ally Prussia joined in the conflict; troops from both nations soon occupied French soil. On Aug. 10, French radicals took the royal family prisoner at Tuileries Palace. Weeks later, on Sept. 21, the National Assembly abolished the monarchy entirely and declared France a republic. King Louis and Queen Marie-Antoinette were tried hastily and found guilty of treason. Both would be beheaded in 1793, Louis on Jan. 21 and Marie-Antoinette on Oct. 16. As the Austro-Prussian war dragged on, the French government and society, in general, were mired in turmoil. In the National Assembly, a radical group of politicians seized control and began implementing reforms, including a new national calendar and the abolition of religion. Beginning in September 1793, thousands of French citizens, many from the middle and upper classes, were arrested, tried, and executed during a wave of violent repression aimed at the Jacobins opponents, called the Reign of Terror.   The Reign of Terror would last until the following July when its Jacobin leaders were overthrown and executed. In its wake, former members of the National Assembly who had survived the oppression emerged and seized power, creating a conservative backlash to the ongoing French Revolution. Rise of Napoleon On Aug. 22, 1795, the National Assembly approved a new constitution that established a representative system of government with a bicameral legislature similar to that in the U.S. For the next four years, the French government would be beset by political corruption, domestic unrest, a weak economy, and ongoing efforts by radicals and monarchists to seize power. Into the vacuum strode French Gen. Napoleon Bonaparte. On Nov. 9, 1799, Bonaparte backed by the army overthrew the National Assembly and declared the French Revolution over. Over the next decade and a half, he could consolidate power domestically as he led France in a series of military victories across much of Europe, declaring himself emperor of France in 1804. During his reign, Bonaparte continued the liberalization that had begun during the Revolution, reforming its civil code, establishing the first national bank, expanding public education, and investing heavily in infrastructures like roads and sewers. As the French army conquered foreign lands, he brought these reforms, known as the Napoleonic Code, with him, liberalizing property rights, ending the practice of segregating Jews in ghettos, and declaring all men equal. But Napoleon would eventually be undermined by his own military ambitions and be defeated in 1815 by the British at the Battle of Waterloo. He would die in exile on the Mediterranean island of St. Helena in 1821. Revolutions Legacy and Lessons With the advantage of hindsight, its easy to see the positive legacies of the French Revolution. It established the precedent of representational, democratic government, now the model of governance in much of the world. It also established liberal social tenets of equality among all citizens, basic property rights, and separation of church and state, much as did the American Revolution.   Napoleons conquest of Europe spread these ideas throughout the continent, while further destabilizing the influence of the Holy Roman Empire, which would eventually collapse in 1806. It also sowed the seeds for later revolts in 1830 and 1849 across Europe, loosening or ending the monarchical rule that would lead to the creation of modern-day Germany and Italy later in the century, as well as sow the seeds for the Franco-Prussian war and, later, World War I. Sources Editors of the Encyclopaedia Brittanica. French Revolution. 7 February 2018.History.com staff. French Revolution. History.com.The Open University staff. French Revolution. Open.edu.Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media staff. Legacies of the Revolution. chnm.gmu.edu.

Bus Week Dis Free Essays

Self- esteem and self-efficacy are two phases often time mistaking with each other, different but closely related. As defined by Webster Dictionary, self efficacy is defined as how confident a person is in his or her own abilities, either in general or directed toward a specific task or activity. Self-esteem is more a person’s idea of his or her own self-worth, which can be related or unrelated to his or her abilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Bus Week Dis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The key word that separates the two is idea. In self efficacy a person knows his or her ability, Aback dated, â€Å"The expectation that you will succeed evolves over a series of years. Where as with self esteem it is all in their head, high self esteem or low self esteem. Example of self efficacy; Game 6 of the NAB finals, 4th quart game tied with 4. 2 seconds remaining ,without thinking about it, Lebanon James shoots a three pointer with two defenders in his face to win the game. A shot he had be making all series. Same scenario, Lebanon James hesitates and thinks about shooting the three pointer, a decision based on his self worth as to how he has performed throughout the series. The dynamics of how self esteem affects self efficacy is, self efficacy reflects a person’s belief about his or her ability to successfully complete a task (Aback, 2012). Well in Odder for this to work that persons self esteem has to be high. There is no correlation between low self esteem and self efficacy. A person with high self esteem welcomes the challenge to exhibit their ability to succeed and with a proven track record that fuels their self efficacy to get the task completed. My friends are external forces the impact my self efficacy. For example, I have been singing since I first learn to talk. Every time I open my mouth to sing they continue to boost my confidence by say you have an amazing voice which in turn has developed me a high self esteem. References â€Å"Self esteem. â€Å"Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary copyright How to cite Bus Week Dis, Papers

Project Management Technology Lab Setup

Question: Discuss about the Project Management for Technology Lab Setup. Answer: Introduction Cost Estimation for Developing Technology Lab In this section the estimated cost are presented to develop Technology Lab for a Music Academy. The estimation of Reliable costs are required for responsible fiscal management at every other point of a project. The estimation of Unreliable costs often causes significant problems in terms of budgeting as well as planning (Burke 2013). The inconsistent cost evaluations may likewise prompt staffing and planning choices that utilize assets maybe incorrectly or even ineffectually. The expression Project Cost Estimation is frequently utilized amid the procedure for task advancement and it incorporates all capital expense costs, including right-of-way, equipments; however does not ordinarily incorporate expenses for Capital support (Turner 2016). In this project to develop Technology Lab for a Music Academy it is assumed that five personal computers will be purchased that can connect to the Internet and run several popular music creation and editing programs. The cost estimation for this pr oject also includes the costs of desks, chairs, microphones, keyboards, soundproofing the room, set-up, testing, etc. The costs for this project to develop Technology Lab for a Music Academy are estimated to be: Component Quantity Price Total Price (in $) Personal Computers 05 $ 450 (Per Quantity) 2250 Internet Connectivity 01 $ 70 per month 70 Desks 04 $ 230 (Per Quantity) 920 Chairs 06 $ 80 (Per Quantity) 480 Microphones 04 $ 165 (Per Quantity) 660 Keyboards 03 $ 450 (Per Quantity) 1350 Room Soundproofing 01 $ 1080 (One Time Cost) 1080 Set-up 01 $ 250 (One Time Cost) 250 Testing 01 $ 120 (One Time Cost) 120 Total 7,180 Quality Checklist There are certain factors that needs to be considered as Quality Checklist for startup of the Musical Academy as below: Criteria Y/N? Experienced and professional teachers Private (one-on-one) lessons customized to the student's learning style and pace All lesson plans posted to Academy Website so students and parents can review lessons from any computer or mobile device, with video, audio, and pdf attached Ability to schedule 2 or more students in different lessons at the same time saving valuable driving time Low pressure, optional performances, showcases, and recitals offered throughout year Desk staff available for assistance during all teaching hours Wide variety of styles offered including rock, blues, classical, jazz, more Musical Theatre starting at 4 yrs. Sound-proofed rooms minimizing distraction during lessons Music Fun Time classes for 18 mo. to 7 yrs. Computer furnished lesson studios In-house discount supply store saving students money, plus the time of going to the music store for small items like strings, books, tuners, and more. All instructors background checked through Live Scan. More than one instructor for most instruments allowing for best fit. Group instruction available for beginning guitar, drums, and piano. Quality Metrics for the Project Quality metrics are a key part of a successful quality administration plan and are the estimations utilized as a part of guaranteeing that clients get worthy items or deliverables. Quality measurements are utilized straightforwardly to make an interpretation of client needs into satisfactory execution measures in both items and procedures (Heagney 2012). The managers in a Project must have the capacity to survey the advancement, productivity, and execution of their tasks and measurements are the methods, which permit project managers. Nonetheless, a note of those measurements must be built up with an end goal to enhance the item or procedures required in the project (Mir and Pinnington 2014). This section illustrates the quality metrics chosen for this project and a description of each as below: ID Critical Success Criteria Potential Quality Metric Priority Metric Target Action Plan 1 All lesson plans posted to Academy Website The lesson plans must be posted in the Academy website so that it is available for the students as well as parents. High To be achieved prior to the setup of Technology Lab Development of a robust Website for the Academy so that it is accessible by various users. 2 Desk staff available for assistance during all teaching hours Availability of desk staff for assisting the students as well as teaching faculties. High This must be treated as a High priority Quality metric for this project. Recruitment of desk staffs and allocation of duties prior to opening the Music Academy. Request for Proposal (RFP) for the Technology Lab Purpose of RFP This project is to develop Technology Lab for a Music Academy that will foster creativity and promotes fun in learning. The Music Academy will synthesize knowledge from the fields of business, education, creativity and music. In an expansive sense, this task was about changing over a thought into a workable arrangement (Marchewka 2014). Each smart thought stays just that without centered exertion, assessment, inventiveness, and maybe measurements of favorable luck. The chances are in the support of the individuals, who perform intensive examination, continue in spite of obstacles, and saddle the force of imaginative considering. Background Information An underlying examination uncovered that my initial step ought to be to compose a strategy for success. This would offer shape to my crude thoughts and uncover zones of quality and shortcoming. Hence, figuring out how to compose an arrangement that suited my needs turned into the center of this task (Reich, Gemino and Sauer 2012). Changing the thoughts into solid numbers is a standout amongst the most difficult tasks. Basic Requirements Conceptual ideas must be explained and afterward refined until particular criteria were met. New thoughts developed and some were thrown away (Reiss 2013). The different ideas experienced rehashed refinement until a convincing archive was made that spelled out my vision and arrangement for accomplishing it. Purchasing of technical equipment. Procurement of Hardware. Installation of Software. Soundproofing the room. Testing and maintenance of the technical equipment along with Hardware and Software. Procurement Issues for the Project ID Issue Impact Plan of Action 1 Budget estimation for hardware and Technical equipment (Shields and Rangarajan 2013). High Determine the budget for the Hardware according to market value. 2 Version mismatch due to budget for Software procurement. Medium The Software version may not match according to the requirements hence there is a need to analyze the features provided by each version of a software. References Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA. Heagney, J., 2012. Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Marchewka, J.T., 2014. Information technology project management. John Wiley Sons. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2), pp.202-217. Reich, B.H., Gemino, A. and Sauer, C., 2012. Knowledge management and project-based knowledge in it projects: A model and preliminary empirical results. International Journal of Project Management, 30(6), pp.663-674. Reiss, G., 2013. Project management demystified: Today's tools and techniques. Routledge. Shields, P.M. and Rangarajan, N., 2013. A playbook for research methods: Integrating conceptual frameworks and project management. New Forums Press. Turner, R., 2016. Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.

100+ Power Words to Include in Your Résumé

100+ Power Words to Include in Your Rà ©sumà © Imagine that youre a hiring manager sifting through stacks of incoming rà ©sumà ©s- all using the same (or nearly the same) language. Beyond the sheer boredom of having to read them, the repetitive phrasing comes across as a rà ©sumà © that has been built with a template and without any distinguishing characteristics that would make an individual stand out. With this being the norm, when one particular rà ©sumà © stands out as different, its a big impact. So, the question then becomes: How can I make my rà ©sumà © stand out from the rest?Oprah Winfreys advice on rà ©sumà © building is the perfect answer to this question: The challenge of life, I have found, is to build a rà ©sumà © that doesnt simply tell a story about what you want to be, but its a story about who you want to be.Keep that advice in mind as we go over 100+ power words to include in your rà ©sumà © to set yours apart from the rest.Including power words on your rà ©sumà © will help you stand out from th e pack. Photo by rawpixel on UnsplashCompany valuesA companys primary goal in hiring is to find a capable, talented individual that can reflect the companys values in his or her work. The most obvious way to let them know youre that individual is to take awhile to look over the companys mission statement and vision- both of which are most often found on a companys website. Lets look at an example and pull some power words from it that could be included in your rà ©sumà ©:Christine H. is looking for a job with Boys Girls Clubs of America and goes to their website to find the company values and mission statement. In doing so, she finds the following information:MissionTo enable all young people, especially those who need us most, to reach their full potential as productive, caring, responsible citizens.VisionProvide a world-class Club Experience that assures success is within reach of every young person who enters our doors, with all members on track to graduate from high school wi th a plan for the future, demonstrating good character and citizenship, and living a healthy lifestyle.Boys Girls Club of AmericaNow, to pull some power words from these statements, Christine might choose:enablereach their full potentialcaringresponsibleplan for the futuregood charactercitizenshiphealthy lifestyleFrom this list of power words, pulled straight from the target employers website, Christine can now craft her objective statement, summary, and even past job details with these words included. For example, if she has teaching experience, instead of writing something like this as a detail on her job description:Helped students with social skills and peer interactionShe could rather write:Discussed and emphasized citizenship roles and caring for their peersInstead of using a typical objective statement such as:Recent graduate seeking a job with an employer that is making a difference in the world.She could write a summary statement that has far more impact, using the power w ords pulled from the companys mission statement:Caring and forward-thinking teacher seeking a job that allows me to enable young people to become the best version of themselves and practice a healthy, responsible lifestyle.The result of changing her summary statement to reflect some of the power words noted in the companys mission statement is an automatic connection between the teacher she wants to be (remember Oprahs advice) and the teacher they are seeking.Same idea, better wordsWhile these example sentences communicate the same idea, by choosing power words from the companys mission statement, she has immediately set herself apart from the rest of the applicants and shown that she has a unique ability to meet the vision that Boys Girls Clubs of America has for its work. In doing so, shes showing that shes an ideal candidate for the position.The same thing can be done with the job description itself. Look over the language used in the job description and pull out some of the key power words. Use these words in your summary and former job details (if they fit) and allow them to be the focus on your rà ©sumà ©. Obviously, you need to make sure you can back up your statements with experience. If there is a power word you have noted that you cant tie directly with your past course work or experience, its best to leave it out and find one that will easily correlate to your employment or educational history.Atypical action verbsBeyond using language from the companys mission statement and job description as power words in your rà ©sumà ©, unique action verbs will stand out more than the more commonly used ones such as worked, oversaw, managed, performed or did. If your job description bullet points contain these overused words, go through the list of atypical action verbs below to see if another might fit and offer a more powerful word choice.Here are some atypical rà ©sumà © action verbs to consider in place of repeating the tired, overused ones that are used in everyone elses rà ©sumà ©:AchievedAcquiredActivatedAmendedAnalyzedAppraisedArbitratedAscertainedAssessedAttainedAuthoredBalancedBoostedBolsteredBrainstormedBuiltCentralizedChartedCoachedCommissionedCompiledConceptualizedConsolidatedConstructedConvincedCritiquedDecipheredDeliberatedDeterminedDiagnosedDirectedDraftedEducatedElicitedEmpoweredEncouragedEnrichedEvaluatedExaminedExpandedFacilitatedForecastedFormulatedFosteredFoundedGuidedIllustratedImplementedInfluencedInformedInitiatedInnovatedInspiredIntegratedInterpretedIntroducedInvestigatedJustifiedLecturedLinkedMediatedMobilizedModernizedMonitoredMotivatedMultipliedOrchestratedOrganizedOrientedPartneredPersuadedPioneeredPolishedProcuredProjectedPromotedQueriedReconciledRecruitedRefinedRehabilitatedRejuvenatedRevampedSanctionedScrutinizedShapedSpearheadedStreamlinedStrengthenedStimulatedSustainedSynthesizedTailoredTracedTransformedTransmittedUpdatedUpgradedValidatedVisualizedLets look at the difference these words can make on a typical rà ©sumà ©. Before using power words, Christines job experience bullet points read like this:Performed duties such as grading and lesson planningContacted parents relating to their childs progressTaught students soft skills for the workplaceWorked with fellow teachers on curriculum development goalsAfter replacing the typical verbs with atypical action verbs, her job experience bullet points now read like this:Created lesson plans and evaluated grades to determine student progressFacilitated open communication with parents as stakeholders in their childs educational progressEmpowered students with soft skills that would enrich their career searchCollaborated with peers to integrate curriculum goals into teaching practiceImmediately, youll notice how the tasks using power words and atypical action verbs seem more important, with more personal involvement on Christines part. While both examples show the same tasks, the second one will stand out to a potential employer w ho is seeking someone who can empower, collaborate and create. These words have much more impact than performed, contacted, taught, and worked.Choose power words with greater impact for your rà ©sumà ©. Photo by Sarah Cervantes on Unsplash.Popular skillsThe modern workplace often looks vastly different than workplaces just 20 years ago. While some skills have remained in demand- such as communication skills, organization skills, etc.- others have grown in demand only recently. For example, 10 years ago, employers didnt care whether you have social media literacy, unless you were working specifically in that field. Now, its a factor many employers consider in their new hires, especially since the effect of social media has intensified in the past decade.This article on career-building website Monster.com lists the top seven skills employers are currently looking for, in general, in new-hires:Problem solvingData analyticsSocial media literacyCreativityResilienceGood business senseWi llingness to learnThese skills are power words in their own way, and including them on your rà ©sumà © will help boost your chances of being hired and distinguish you from the pack. Obviously, employers from different sectors will list other skills that are needed to fulfill the job role. However, having the core basic skills and including them on your rà ©sumà © is a power play that will get you noticed, regardless of the sector to which youre applying.Final thoughtsIts important to understand that you can use every power word possible on your rà ©sumà ©, but if you submit it with grammar, syntax, or spelling mistakes, that power is lost. One risk you might run into in using atypical action verbs is spelling them incorrectly, so whatever words you use, make sure youve checked and then rechecked again to ensure accuracy.Also, be careful to avoid throwing in power words without knowing their meaning. This could result in using a word out of context, which will make it seem like you dont know what youre doing, and are simply using big words for the sake of using them. This will come across to your potential employer as dishonest and unprofessional, so whatever words you use- understand their connotation and definition fully before doing so.

buy custom Allegory essay

buy custom Allegory essay Allegory of the cave and the giver are two works of art that are attributed to Plato and Lowry. In the allegory of the cave, Plato brings out the idea of general operation of human being. To him, human being has the ability to think and utter words without necessarily being aware of what is going on in his surroundings. He compares human beings to people who have been jailed inside a cave, and they are not able to turn and look at what is in their surroundings (Lawrence, 18). In the cave also, there exists puppeteers, but the prisoners can only hear the sounds produced by the puppeteers yet they cannot see who is producing the sound. There is, therefore, a possibility that such prisoners will not be able to make out the reality from appearance. For them the walls around them are real, but they are not aware of the reality outside their sight. Discussion Plato, in the allegory of the cave, tries to justify the fact that human beings may have perceived knowledge of various things. It will not be right for them to justify that what they see is equivalent to what they perceive. Lowry, on the other hand, in his work of art, The Giver, analyses the nature of the society. It depicts the extent to which the society takes control over the total life of an individual (Flora and Taylor, 224). Decisions that an individual should make are all made by the elders. This decision includes who to marry and the job that one is to undertake. The author explains the nature of the society using an actor named Jona, who has been chosen a profession of becoming the receiver. There are various similarities and differences that are figured out from the two stories. Both Plato and Lowry have expounded on the events that surround the society at large. They talk of the control that the society has on its people. According to Plato human beings are being controlled inside a cave. This act makes them to only be aware of the walls that surround them. When shadows pass by, they perceive that they have seen the reality yet this is not true. For Lowry, the society takes full control of its people. From birth to death, everything that one engages in is to be chosen to them by the society (Lawrence, 134). In both novels, rules and orders are portrayed as having negative impacts on the populace. The are used to snatch freedom, ability to make personal decisions, and independence of each and every person in the society. According to Lowry, the society has put down rules that are used to guide an individual on various decisions that they are undertaking. Those rules imp rison one to a career that he has been chosen for. In Platos novel, the society is likened to a prisoner, who has been placed in a cave. He has no ability to make his own decisions and is not able to make out the reality from the perceived truth. Both the authors have different meanings of how the society can be blindfolded from knowing the truth. For Lowry, it is done through the use of rules that have been laid down in the society, which every individual has to follow, while in the allegory of the cave, one is imprisoned in a cave, where he cannot turn the neck and therefore, is not able to distinguish the reality from the perceived nature. They are living in comfort, but are ignorant of the realities in the world. In both pieces of art, the stories of the reality are told through the use of objects. In the allegory of the cave, the author uses prisoners who are imprisoned in a cave, while in the giver; the author uses a person called Jona with whom the society has to make all the decisions regarding his life. Their main aim is to enlighten the society on the evils that are being perpetrated by those in power. They are aiming at enlightening the society on the necessity of having freedom from all forms of injustices being carried in the society. The theme of suffering is brought out in both the allegory of the cave and the giver. The society has been imprisoned by the rules set by the society. They cannot make their own decisions hence have to undertake what the society has chosen for them. The same applies to the prisoners in the cave, they have been imprisoned and have to follow rules and regulations set according to the law (Flora and Taylor, 987). The difference that comes between the two pieces of art is that though they undergo both physical and emotional suffering, there is a difference in the nature of their suffering. The prisoners are in a cave and they cannot turn their necks to see what is going on in the society they are living in, while those imprisoned by the law of the society in the giver are able to learn from the mistakes that are in the society (Lawrence, 78). At the back of the cave, there exist puppeteers, who are casting shadows on the walls where the prisoners think they are perceiving reality. The allegory of the cave also brings out the reality that people may think that they are living in the truth while the reality is that they are not living in any truth at all. According to Plato, the prisoners thought that the shadows were true images of a book, but the reality was that they had not seen a book at all. In the giver, the society has been imprisoned by the set laws and they follow without questioning. In the process of living they realize that there are so many mistakes that the society has made and they try to search for the real truth (Flora and Taylor, 675). Both pieces of art also describe how freedom can be attained. In the allegory of the cave, freedom can only be obtained through the release of the prisoners from the cave. Their release will make them turn their necks and see the truth. They will be able to see the objects that are being tuned to produce various sounds as opposed to their hearing of sounds produced by unseen objects. In the giver, freedom can only be attained when an individual has in the process of following the rules set by the society, been able to learn from the mistakes of the past and seek a new beginning. Conclusion The two pieces of art speaks to the reality in the world today. Most people are suffering from rules and regulations set down in the society with the main aim of imprisoning those who adhere to them. There are some societies depicted by the giver who in the process of following the rules have realized the truth and are in the process of building up a new nation (Lawrence, 185). Imprisonment occurs in various sectors of the society, ranging from the economy and political nature of the society. Change of leadership in the society is what at most times individuals use to gain freedom. To Lowry therefore, it is essential for the citizens to critically analyze the events in the surrounding so as to make a choice on whether they need to be changed. In the allegory of the cave, Plato puts out clearly the fact that people need to come out of the cave they are in if they are to get their freedom. Buy custom Allegory essay

Costing, Budgeting for Projects Accounting Essay

Costing, Budgeting for Projects Accounting - Essay Example 9018088 0.000842049 12 8 13 9 7.703656443 1.680506618 13 9 14 7 7.414185094 0.171549292 14 7 15 4.791208791 44.00883114 -1.008791209 19.92307692 0.247845443 2.110327908 0.57993311 3.738278384 16.56687898 12 231.5175824 167.6967033 Estimating Learning-Curve Functions 2 2) I used the formula approach and forecast approach to estimate non-linear functions such as the learning-curve function. The predicted value for 15 units is 4.791209. Note: When I used the forecast approach, either there was an error in the formula or the predicted value is wrong. The formula on p.209 is =FORECAST(15,B1:B14,A1:A14), but I came up with a predicted value of 4.32967. But since I must arrive at the value 4.791209, I figured the formula should’ve been =FORECAST(15,B2:B15,A2:A15). I finally succeeded at having the same value 4.791209. I think my formula is more accurate because for 14 units of outputs, the DLH value is already given with a value of 7. The formula for regression analysis is Y = a + bX where a is the constant term and b is the slope. When estimating LCR, I used Solver routine in Excel. I started with an estimated LCR of .80 and entered that figure in cell D2. For getting the predicted DLHs, I used Excel learning-curve formula which is =$B$2*A2^(LN($D$2)/LN(2)). For unit 1 (X), the predicted value is an exact match. It is the same as the actual DLH, 29. The rest of the predicted DLHs for outputs 2-14 were a close match except for 9 and 11 units (in thousands) of outputs. Next, I calculated the â€Å"squared-error.† The obvious answer is 0, since there is no error. The predicted DLH is exactly the same as the actual DLH. The formula for â€Å"squared-error† in Excel is =(C2-B2)^2 for 1 unit (in thousands). The rest can be calculated in Solver routine by dragging the cells when copying the formula for 1 unit of output. Estimating Learning-Curve Functions 3 3) Shown on the graph with the downward slope, as the total outputs increased, the cumulative uni ts produced decreased. In other words, the more experience there is in producing outputs, the amount of time to perform the task decreases. The plot is consistent with the data given for units produced and DLHs. 4) I estimated the LCR with the â€Å"incremental unit-time learning-curve model† using Solver routine and I arrived at 0.69 or .70. In the Solver routine window, I entered the â€Å"target cell† as $E$2 which is the â€Å"squared error† contained in E2 and the â€Å"changing cell† as $D$2 which is the Estimating Learning-Curve Functions 4 LCR contained in D2. The exponent in learning-curve model, b, is -0.51681. So for DLH 29, the incremental unit-time learning-curve model is Y = 29.0*X^-0.51681. 5) The formula for cumulative average time per unit to produce x units is Y = ax^b; where Y = cumulative average time per unit to produce x units, a = the time taken for the first unit of output, x = the cumulative number of units, and b = the index of l earning (log LR/log 2). Using the calculation in Excel spreadsheet, I entered the formula =$B$2*A2^(Ln($D2$/Ln(2)) for cumulative av

Challenges and security issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Challenges and security issues - Research Paper Example Therefore, the organization failed to follow the standards laid down in testing the product before releasing it to the market. That led to the soft ware problem. Laudon (2011) says that in regard to technology, MacAfee’s system failed to detect possible dangers the product was posing to consumers using the windows XP and Service Pack 3, which was widely used in desktop PC configuration. In this case, technological factors played a significant role in MacAfee’s soft ware problem. Question 2 MacAfee lost a significant number of its customers as a result of the software problem. Actually, the company lost loyalty of its key clients after their computers crushed as a result of antivirus updates. According to Laudon (2011), the company lost most of its customers as a result of management’s sluggish response to the crisis, and the company’s initial effort to ignore the issue’s impact to the consumers. MacAfee’s reputation in the corporate business environment was dented as a result of its misleading reaction to the technical hitches on its systems. On the other hand, consumers’ businesses were affected as a result of their computers being crippled. According to Laudon (2011), this slowed down the normal operation of consumers’ businesses; hence leading to loses and idle time in labor. ... This was contrary to the fact that a significant number of clients were affected. Question 4 MacAfee’s management should come up with a set of standards meant to ensure adherence to testing procedures. This will facilitate efforts meant to determining a product’s quality before being released into the market. According to Laudon (2011), this will help to curb any deterrent effect a product may have on consumers. Chapter 8: How Secure is the Cloud Question 1 With respect to the security problem of tracking unauthorized activity, this can be controlled using a cloud vendor. According to Laudon (2011), this is a public company whose mandatory requirement by law is to disclose how it manages information. On the other hand, the problem can be controlled by use of cloud vendor that allow subscribers to choose where their cloud computing work takes place. Question 2 People who contribute to security problems in the cloud include those who hack into data bases and try to access companies’ information. They do this despite the fact that information stored within the subject databases is unauthorized to them. According to Laudon (2011), these people pose a security threat to companies’ information as they subject them to unauthorized alterations. In addition, organizations contribute to unauthorized access as they fail to pay attention to their security practices. Laudon (2011) agrees that they fail to secure their infrastructure. Lastly, the high cost of technology contributes to security problems. That is because of the dynamics and high costs associated with advanced technology. Most firms cannot afford secure systems for them to store and back

International Business From Islamic Perspective

International Business From Islamic Perspective International Business has always played a vital role in the economic and social of all people through the ages. Muslim as a part of contemporary world, and cannot be exception from this rule. Their religion (Islam) not only permits them, but also encourages them to do business. The prophet Muhammad (pbub) (the Messenger of Islam) himself was a full-time business man for a considerable period of time. However, contemporary Muslim find themselves confronted with serious dilemmas, because they didnt follow their constitution, which are Quran and Sunna .This Qurans emphasis on justice in general and maintenance of straight balance in practical is evident from forceful and oft-repeated injunctions. This study will try to collect some brightness efforts from implementing Islamic rules and standers in international business. 1.2 The purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to recognize Islamic banking as the main contribution in international business and how this contribution adds significant solution to world banking problems 1.3 Methodology: In this project the methodology depends on several references such as books, articles in journals, websites, and magazines. .Chapter Two Literature review: 2.0 The Fundamental of an Islamic Business System The basic frame work for an Islamic business system is a set of rules and laws. Collectively referred to as shariah, governing economic, social, political, and culture aspects of Islamic societies. Shariah originates from the rules dictated by the Quran and its practices, and explanations from Sunnah by the prophet Muhammad. Further elaboration of the rules is provided by scholars in Islamic jurisprudence within the framework of the Quran and Sunnah. (Saeed, M . Ahmed, Zr . Mukhtar, S 2001) This framework clarifies the prohibition of interest. Prohibition of riba, a term of literally meaning an excess and interpreted as any unjustifiable increase of capital whether in loan or sales is the central tenet of the system. More precisely, any positive, fixed predetermined rate tied to the maturity and the amount of principle is considered riba and is prohibited. The general consensus among Islam scholars is that riba cover not only usury but also the changing of interest as widely practiced. This prohibited is based on argument as social justice, equity, and property right. Islam encourages the earning of profit but forbids the charging of interest because profits, determined ex post, symbolize successful entrepreneurship and creation of additional wealth where as interest, determined ex ante, is a cost that is accrued irrespective of the outcome of business operations and may not create wealth if there are business losses. Social justice demands that borrowers and the lender share rewards as well as losses in an equitable fashion and that the process of wealth accumulation and distribution in the economy be fair and representative of true productivity. Risk sharing. Because interest is prohibited, suppliers of funds become investors instead of creditors. The provider of financial capital and the entrepreneur share business risks in return for shares of the profits. Money as potential capital is treated as actual capital only when it joins hand with other resources to un dertake a productive activity. Islam recognizes the time value of money, but only when it acts as capital, not when it is potential capital. Prohibition of speculative behavior. An Islamic financial system discourages hoarding prohibits transactions featuring extreme uncertainties, gambling and risks. Sanctity of contracts. Islam upholds contractual obligation and the disclosure of information as a sacred duty. This feature is intended to reduce the risk of asymmetric information and moral hazard. Shariah-approved activities. Only those business activities that do not violate the rules of shariah qualify for investment. (Saeed, M . Ahmed, Zr . Mukhtar, S 2001) Some of the more popular instruments in Islamic business markets are trade with markup or cost-plus sale (murabaha). One of the most widely used instruments for short-term financing is passed on the traditional nation of purchase finance. The investor undertakes to supply specific goods or commodities, incorporating a mutually agreed contact for resale to the client and a mutually negotiated margin. Profit-sharing agreement (mudaraba). This is identical to an investment fund in which managers handle a pool of funds. The agent-manager has relatively limited liability while having sufficient incentives to perform. The capital is invested in broadly defined activities, and the terms of profit and risk sharing are customized for each investment. The maturity structure ranges from short to medium term and is more suitable for trade activities. 2.1 The Principle of Islamic banking: The principle of Islamic banking is based essentially on the premise that interest, which is strictly forbidden in Islam, is neither a necessary nor a desirable basis for the conduct of banking operation, and that Islamic teachings provide a better foundation for organizing the working of banks. Muslim economists have pointed out that it is a historical accident that interest has become the kingpin of modern banking. The practice of interest has been condemned by foremost thinkers in human history and by all biblical religions. Aristotle dwelt on the barren nature of money and vehemently condemned the institution of interest which describe as birth money from money. ( Abeng, T 1997) Under Judaism, Israelites were forbidden to demand any increase on the principle amount of the sum lent in transactions among themselves, though interest could be charged in dealing between Israelites and gentiles. The reason for his distinction, according to many scholars of Judaism, was that there was no law at that time among the gentiles which prohibited the practice of interest and it was no regarded as unfair that Jews be allowed to recover interest from people who charged interest from them. Among the followers of Islam, the institution of interest has always been regarded as highly ignoble because the Holy of Quran strictly forbidden interest based transaction in all form. In the early history of Islam the injunction relating to prohibition of interest was strictly observed, but with the decline of the hold of religion and spread of western influence, financial practices based on interest began to permeate Muslim societies as well. In the period of colonial domination of Musl im countries by western power, the interest based system became solidly entrenched. Muslim scholars argue which has led to the resent -day dominance of interest in financial transactions all over the globe.( Abeng, T 1997) Muslim scholars recognize the important role banks play in the economy of the country in the modern time. Banking institutions act as financial intermediaries between savers and investors. They can be of significant help in assisting the process of capital formation and development. 2.2 Non Muslim countries interesting with Islamic banking serve The achievements of Islamic banking through world crises encourage many non Islamic countries demand to apply this vision by institutionalized use of Islamic modes of deposit mobilization and financing, if not full flagged Islamic banking; in quit a few non Islamic countries. Thus Islamic financial institutes exist in so far a part as Australia, Denmark, India, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Philippine, South Africa, Thailand, United Kingdom and United State of America. Apart of these there are a number of nun -Islamic financial institution in non-Muslim countries which offer Islamic finances services for their Muslim clients. There is a good deal of controversy, however, about the financial services being offered by such institutions being in fully conformity with Shariah requirements. Chapter Three 3.0 The impact of Islamic Banking on economic system The culture of Islamic banking has magnificent affect in several dimensions of economic system, which are saving, investment, rate and percentage of growth. These elements have major rule for economic system stability. 3.0.0 Effects on saving and investment Islamic economy has pointed out that standard economic does not yield a definitive conclusion regarding the effect of increased uncertainty of rate of return on the quantum of saving. The actual out come would depend on a number of factors such as the form of utility function and its risk aversion, the degree to which future is discounted, whether or not increased risk is compensated by higher return, and the income and substitution effects of increased uncertainty. It has further been argued that the move to an Islamic interest free system, under cretin conditions, could lead to increase rates to return on saving. Consequently, the increased level of uncertainty that could result from adoption (Profit/loss sharing) (PLS) based system could be compensated unchanged or perhaps even leading to an increase in saving. Muslim economists expect PLS based banking to exercise favorable effect on the level of investment. Both the demand for investment PLS based banking. The demand for investment funds is likely to increase as a fixed coast of capital is no longer required to be met as a part of the firm profit calculations. The marginal product of capital can be taken up to the point where maximum profits are obtained without the constraint of meeting a fixed coast of capital. The supply of investment funds is likely to increase as PLS based banking is enable to undertake the financing of a large number of risky projects on account of an enhanced risky absorbing capacity. 3.0.1 The impact on Rate and Pattern of growth The expected favorable effect of PLS based banking on the level of investment world impart a pronounced growth orientation to the economy, the increased availability of risk capital under the Islamic system would promote technological innovation and experimentation which would be another favorable factor for growth. Islamic banks are also expected to influence the pattern of growth through appropriate selectivity in their financial operations to ensure that the process of growth is broad based and an optimal use for bank resources. 3.0.2 The impact on Allocative efficiency The financial system based on an Islamic frame work of profit sharing would be more efficient in allocating resources as compared to the conventional interest based system. This position is defended on the basic the general proposition that nay financial development that causes investment alternative to be compared to one another, strictly based on their productivity and rate of return, is bound to produce allocative environment, and such a proposition is the cornerstone of the Islamic financial system. Muslim economists do not deny that investment efficiency requires the use of discounting to take proper care of the time dimension of costs and benefits. They emphasize that non-existence of interest does not mean that discounting as a technique of computing the present value of future cash flows cannot be used in an interest free economy. It has father been pointed out that interest rate is not proper discount factor under conditions of uncertainty, the rate of return on equity is the proper discount rate. Science the real world is a world of uncertainty and since no real investment in any economy can be undertaken without facing risk, cash flow of such investment should be discount not by a riskless interest rate but by the true opportunity cost of venture capital. 3.0.3 Consequences for the Stability of the Banking System The literature of Islamic banking that switch over from interest based on PLS based banking would import greater stability to the banking system .there is no assurance on the assets side that all the loan and advances will be covered, shocks on the asset that all the loan and advances will be covered. Shocks on the assets side, therefore, load to a divergence between assets and liabilities, and the banking system can suffer a loss of confidence in the process, leading crises. In the PLS based system, the mineral value of investment deposited is not guaranteed and shocks to the assets position are promptly absorbed in the value of investment deposits. This minimizes the risk of bank failure and enhances the stability of the banking system. 3.0.4 Effects on the Stability of the Economic System The replacement of interest in the Islamic banking system is PLS, that eliminate the interest couple with other institutional feature of the Islamic economy , will tend to enhance stability , the interest in the financial bank depends on debt, which is the main reasons for instability in capital economy . Its easy to see, for example how the interest based system intensifies business reason. As soon as banks find that business concerns are beginning to incur losses, they reduce assistance and call back loans, as a result of which some firms have to close down. This increases unemployment resulting in further reduction in demand, and the infection spreads. Islamic bank on the other hand, are prepared to share in losses in which reduces the severity of business recession and enables the productivity enterprise to tide over difficult period without shutdown. Islamic banking has to be regarded as a promoter of stability rather than a conduit of instability. 3.1 The practice of Islamic banking The Islamic banking movement began on a modest scale in the early sixties. The earliest experiment in Islamic banking took place in the most cases on individual initiative with governments playing a more or less passive role. The later growth of the Islamic banking movement has been significantly helped by the encouragement provide by the government of a number of Muslim countries. The establishment of Islamic banks in banking legislation. It should be mentioned that changes in banking legislation effected in certain countries to facilitate the working of Islamic banks are not intended to confer any special advantages on these banks vis-Ã  -vis the conventional banks. The measures are in fact designed to remove some of the handicaps from which Islamic banks suffer in conducting their operations in an economy where interest based transaction dominate the scene. (Saidi,T.2008) Two different approaches are discernible in regard to the adoption of Islamic banking practices. In a number of countries Islamic banks have been started on private initiative. The governments of these countries have not committed themselves to the abolition of interest, and Islamic banks exist side by side with interest based banks. Pakistan and Iran are following a different approach aimed at economy wide elimination of interest. In Sudan, where Islamic banks co-existed with interest based banks for long time, the government has now opted for economy wide Islamization of banking. This section of the paper reviews the trends in the practice of Islamic banking in both the setting. It also takes note of activities of the Islamic Development bank, which is an international development financing institution working in shariah principles, the banking services by conventional banks in certain Muslim countries. 3.2 Individual entities for Islamic bank practices There are now fifty Islamic banking institution operating in different countries encompassing most of the Muslim world. Two major international holding companies, namely, the Dar al-Mal al-Islami Trust and AL-Baraka Group control a number of Islamic banks Most other have been established by associations of individual sponsors. In some banks there is also a certain amount of government participation in their capital Islamic banks conduct their banking operation under shariah principles. Almost all of them have Shariah Supervisory boards as part of their organizational structure. The function of Shariah Supervisory board is to ensure the compatibility of all the operations of Islamic banks with requirements of Shariah . (Saidi,T.2008) Islamic banks accept both demand deposits and saving and time deposits. Demand deposits are treated as Qard al Hasnah .The bank is given permission to use the deposit amount at its direction but with guarantee of returning the full principle amount on demand. Saving deposits are differentiated from demand deposits as they are subject to certain restriction with respect to the amount that can be withdrawn from such accounts at any one time and the periodicity of such withdrawals. Some Islamic banks accept saving deposit deposits on PLS basis while others do not pay any return on these deposits and guarantee the principle amount. Time deposits are accepted by Islamic banks PLS sharing biases and generally known as investment account. The investment deposits of Islamic banks can have different maturity periods. The return on investment deposit is specified as percentage of total profits in most case, but in most cases the percentage return varies with the length of the period for which the deposits are made. Apart from limited period deposits, some Islamic banks also accept unlimited period investment deposited. In this case, the period of deposit is not specified and the deposits are automatically renewed unless a notice of termination of deposits is given of a mutually agreed of a mutually agreed time interval. Some Islamic banks also have specific investment accounts in which deposits are made for investment in particular project. The return to depositors in these accounts depends on the outcome of these particular projects and the ratio of the profit sharing agreed between the bank and the depositors. Islamic banks operating in different countries are using a combination of the different financing techniques permissible in shariah . However , most of them lean heavily on Murabahah in their operations. This is for two main reasons. Their orientation mainly is towered short term financing of trade transaction for which Murabahah appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of PLS. Secondly, they are in competition with interest based banks and are therefore anxious to earn at least as much on their environment as will enable them to given return roughly comparable to prevailing interest rate to their investment account holders. This is easier to achieve by engaging in Murabahah transaction as the mark-up can be fixed in a manner which less assure the required return. On the other hand, considerable uncertainty attaches to earnings under a system of PLS sharing as the outcome depends on the operating of various business units which are subject to the usual business haz ards. Excepting the three countries where Islamization of the banking system has taken place on an economy wide basis, Islamic banks in other countries are at a considerable disadvantage in facing the competition with conventional banks as they cannot avail of the facilities of the money market which operates on the basic interest. This forces them to work with much higher liquidity ratios which have implications for their profitability. Islamic banks also face a number of problems in investing their funds internationally as they cannot take advantage of the facilities of the Eurocurrency market and the Eurobond market which offer ready investment outlets for conventional banks. Islamic banks have generally a good track record of profitability. Like conventional banks, Islamic banks also have had problems in the recovery of their due during periods of business recession or suffered loses in some investment which did no pay off but these have not grown to any crises. The Dar Al-Mal Al-Islami, which is a holding company for a large number of Islamic banks, did suffer operating losses in 1983 and 1984, and Kuwait finance House had a bad year in 1984 when neither the shareholders nor the depositors received a return on their capital. However, both these institution recovered from the set back in 1985 and showed good profits. There are course substantial differences in the performance and the profitability of individual institution within the Islamic banking community but this is not surprising because operating conditions and business environment differ widely from country to country. Chapter Four 4.0 Example of Islamic banking in Islamic countries We will spotlight on some Islamic countries like Iran, Pakistan and Sudan. To know their experiences with Islamic Banking. 4.0.0 Iran and Islamic banking A new law was enacted in Iran in August 1983 to replace interest based banking by interest free banking. The new required the banks to convert their deposits to an interest free basis within one year, and their operations within three years, from the date of the passage of the law, and specified the types of transactions that must constitute the basis fro asset and liability acquisition by banks. The law also specified the responsibilities of the central bank under the new system and the mechanics of its control over the banking system. (Roy, D 2010) The law allowed the banks to accept to types of deposits, Quard al Hasanah deposits and term investment deposits. The Quard al Hasanah deposits comprise of current as well as saving account which differ in their operational rules. The holders of current and saving accounts are guaranteed the safety of their principle amount and are not entailed to any contractual return. However , banks are permitted to provide incentive to depositors through Grant of prizes in cash or kind Reduction in or exemption from service charges or agents fees payable to banks. According priority in the use of banking facilities. Holders of term investment deposits are entitled to receive return, depending on the profitability of the project in which these funds are invested. The law allows the banks to undertake and repayment of the principle amount of terms of investment. The law provides various modes of operation upon which the financing transactions of kinds must be based. Banks are obliged to earmark a portion of their resources for grant of Quard al Hasanah to help achieve the socioeconomic objectives set out in the constitution of the country. Beside Quard al Hasanah , banks are authorized to extend financial assistance for predictive venture on PLS basis in accordance with the principle of Mudarabah and Musharakah . Banks are allowed to provide part of the capital of a new joint stock company and also to purchase share of the existing joint stock companies. Banks are authorized to provide working capital financing to productive unites by purchasing new materials, spare parts and other items on their request for sale to them on the basis of deferred payment in installment. Purchasing of machinery and equipment for sale to their clients on deferred payment basis is also allowed. Another mode is called Salaf which is used for meeting working capit al requirements through advance purchase of output. Banks can engage in lease-purchase transaction. In the new set up, the central bank of the country has been given wide authority to control and supervise the operations of the countrys banks. While it continues to have many of the erstwhile credit control weapons which do not involve Riba, it has been endowed with new instrument of control to regulate the interest free operations of the banks. These include power to determine Minimum and maximum expected rates of return from various facilities to the banks. Minimum and maximum profit shares for banks in their Mudarabah and Musharakah activities. Maximum rates of commission the banks can charge for investment accounts for which they serve as trustees. Studies on Islamic banking experience of Iran have pointed out that no attempt has been made so far to Islamize the international banking and financial operations. Government continues to borrow from banks on the based of fixed rate of return. It has also been pointed out that some practices in Iran are not variance with the practice of Islamic banking in other countries. 4.0.1 Sudan and Islamic banking The aim of this economy wide Islamize of the banking system in Sudan has not been smooth and steady. The first attempt to Islamize the entire banking system was made 1984 when a presidential decree was issued directing all commercial banks to stop interest based dealing with immediate effect and to negotiate the conversion of their then existing interest bearing deposits and advances into Islamically acceptable form. Foreign transactions were allowed to be continued on the basis of interest for the time being. It is reported that this sudden change forced the banks to adopt the nearest Islamic alternative available that is Murabahah which soon constituted 90 percent of their financial operations. Its also reported Islamic system only formally in their ledger books and in the reports submitted to the central bank of the country. Policy makers in the central bank were also discontented with the procedure of transforming the banking system. They considered it as a mere political decisio n imposed by the government without being preceded is adequate detailed study. This experiment which economy wide Islamization of banking system came to end in 198 with the charge in government. The government which is presently in power had decided on the economy wide Islamization of the banking system once again, and newspaper reported indicate that the effort is much more earnest and much better organized this time. (Roy, D 2010) 4.0.2 Pakistan and Islamic banking The process of economy wide Islamization of the banking system in Pakistan was initiated soon after declaration by the president of Pakistan in 1979 that government planning to remove interest from the economy within period of three years and that a decision had been taken to make a beginning in this direction with the elimination of the interest from the operation from House Building Finance corporation, National Investment Trust and mutual funds of he investment corporation of Pakistan. Within a few months of this announcement, these specialized finical institutions took the necessary steps to reorientation their activities on a non interest basis was a much more complex task and took a longer time span. To begin with, step were taken in 1981 to set up separate counters for accepting deposits on PLS basis in all the domestic braches of the five nationalized commercial banks. The parallel system, in which savers had the option to keep their money in the bank either in the interestin g bearing deposits or PLS deposits, continued to operate till the end of 1985. As the first 1985, no banking company is allowed to accept any interest bearing deposits except foreign currency deposits which continue to earn interest. As loss of that banking company accepted deposits in current account on which no interest or profit is given and whose capital sum is guaranteed. The central bank of the country has issued instructions specifying twelve modes of financing in which funds mobilized by the banks can be employed. These are broadly classified into three groups: loan financing Trade related mode of financing Investment mode of financing. Loan financing takes the form either Qard Al-Hasan given on compassionate grounds free of any interest or service charge or of loan with a service charge not exceeding the proportionate cost of the operation. (Roy, D 2010) Trade related modes of financing include: Purchase of goods by banks and their sale to clients. Purchase of trade bills. Purchase of movable or immovable property. Leasing. Hire-purchase. Financing for development of property on the basis of a development charge. Investment modes of financing include: Equity participation and purchase of shares Purchase of participation term certification. Rent sharing The central bank of the county ahs been authorized to fix the minimum annual rate of profit which banks should keep in view while considering proposals for provision of financing, and maximum rate of profit they may earn, theses rate may be changed from time to time. It has also been laid down that should lose occur, they must be shared by all the financiers in proportion to the respective finances provided by them. To safeguard the banks against delays and defaults in repayment by parties obtaining finance from them, a new law called the Banking Tribunals ordinance was promulgated in 1984. The tribunals set up under the radiance are required to dispose of all cases within the ninety days of filing the complaint. Appeals can be filled in the high court within thirty days but the decrial amount has to be deposited with high court appeal. 4.0.3 Islamic Development Bank The Islamic Development Bank, established in 1975, is an international financial institution whose purpose is to foster the economic development and social progress of member countries and Muslim communities individually as well as jointly in accordance with principles of Shariah. It has 47 members and a subscribe capital of 2028.74 million Islamic dinar. The functions of the bank are to participate in the equity capital and grant loans for productive project in member countries and to provide financial assistance in other form for economic and social development. The bank is also required to establish and operate special funds for specific purpose including fund for Muslim communities in non-member countries. The bank authorized to accept deposit and to raise fund in any manner. It is also charged with the responsibility of assisting in the promotion of foreign trade, especially in capital goods, among member countries, providing technical assistance to member countries, extending training facilities for personal engaged in development activities and undertaking research for enabling the economic, financial and banking activities in Muslim counties to conform to the Shariah . (Roy, D 2010) The cumulative financing approved by the bank since its inception till the end of 1991-1992 amounted to 9389.13 million Islamic dinar. Foreign trade financing, based on Murabahah, has accounted for the bulk of the total resources providing by the bank to its members. It accounted for 72.5 present of total financing. Loans provided on the basis of a service charge accounted for 8.2 percent while leasing and installment sales accounted for 5.3 percent and 6.3 percent of total financing respectively. Equity participation accounted for 2.2 percent of total financing while the assistance provide through profit sharing accounted for2.0 percent of total financing. Equity participation and profit sharing are regarded as the chief distinguishing features of Islamic financing and banking. It is disappointed to note that, they have so far played very financing operations of Islamic development bank. The over-anxiety of the bank in it initial years to expand the network of equity financing to cover as many of its member countries as possible, lack of sufficient professional expertise in the bank to undertake an adequate appraisal of the project and to pursue the task of vigorous follow up of it equity investment, delay in the implementation of the projects financed by the bank, marketing difficulties and currency devaluation have been cited as the main factors responsible for this situation 4.1 Analysis the role of commercial banks in increase debts Commercial banks is the banks that depends on interest to increase there profits. To achieve his object, they do maximum to attract clients to register in these facilitates, that have different shapes. By the affect of advertising, many people try to achieve their goals by magic solution which is loan. Also there is another promotion from these banks to attract customers which a

Passion That Drives School Leadership

Passion That Drives School Leadership As I have read from the article about Passion that Drives School Leadership, the leaders will be effective if he or she is doing work with passion. This article Is Inspiring, informative and challenging to the one aspiring to become a leader. This is Emphasizing the important of passion In leadership. It says that it Is a powerful, Intense emotion or boundless enthusiasm.I can say that If there Is a passion It Is showing of dedication of the leaders doing his work and not all leaders of the efferent school are passionate but according to this article, not all school administrators who lack of passion are losers. Teachers and other school officials and even the superintendent can give best to perform their task with passion. This article Imparted the Indication of administrator who lack of passion. A leader who never prepared everything and never to expend so much time In his duties and responsibility. The one always waits for the free day until h e reaches his retirement.This is also mentioning some example of passionate leaders like the superintendent who decided to go back to a classroom teaching and the one who was an accident victim resulting to her disability but she never been hopeless by the obstacle to do her desire to continue teaching behind difficulties. One of the best in this article, it gave of example of intense passion among teachers and school administrators. Passionate leaders spread passion to others through their love of life, doing new hangs, taking risks, being motivated, having a sense of urgency, and reinventing self.It is a long list, but lye narrowed these descriptions of passion down to four, main leadership behaviors. Passionate people are optimistic, have a great story, involve people, and have a simple, recharge strategy. Passion is the power to simplify our work by providing focus and direction. It helps to inspires others and it has an ability to move leaders and their organization from good t o great and beyond. The teacher or administrator may retire; but the passion doesn't.

Community College vs University Essay

Deciding on whether to attend a community college or a university can be a very tough decision. Often times we hear negative opinions and comments about attending a community college instead of a university. Community colleges are much more affordable. They have smaller classes, and they are much more convenient than universities. Through some people experiences and research, there are many benefits to attending a community college before university. There are many differences between going to a university right after finishing high school and going to a community college for the first two years. Such differences can be seen in terms of finances, degree and environment. One of the most important benefits to attending a community college is the financial savings. The average tuition at community college is $42 per credit hour, and the average for universities can vary between $1500 and $4000 depending on whether the university is public or private. This is a huge difference in price p er semester hour. Furthermore, at community college the books are less expensive. You can chose to buy a new book or a used book, and you still have the option to rent the books. Some people pay thousands of dollars to attend a university, and after a year they were no closer to a degree than a community college student. They are just further in debt. There are a number of different degrees available from four year universities; the options are far fewer at a community college. Community college programs offer Associate of Arts degrees. These Associate of Arts degrees are extremely helpful when it comes to transferring or pursuing a higher education later on. Community colleges are known for giving nontraditional students many convenient ways to obtain a career. Married students, students with children, or even students who work full time may not have the time or the finances to complete a 4 year program. Furthermore, Community colleges offer vocational certificates in varies fields. These certificate programs are designed to prepare a student for an entry-level job upon completion of the program. Students may decide to take only a couple of semesters to get a certificate in a certain field such as nursing, welding, or surgical technology. Nontraditional students may benefit from one of the many certificate programs offered at a community college. Universities, however, only offer four years programs or bachelors  degrees. They do not offer courses in vocational education, so they are best for students who plan on going into business or education. The environment between a community college and a four year university differs greatly. For example, community college tends to have fewer students per class, which mean students can have more opportunity to interact with their teacher and vice verse. Teachers with smaller classes are able to spend more time making sure that all the students get a quality education in their classroom. Likewise, if students have questions they may feel more comfortable asking them in a smaller and more intimate setting. On the other hand, a university lecture hall can hold hundreds of students, all participating in a single class. The professors are always busy doing research and keeping up with their professor status, which means no time to interact with their students. In conclusion, because of community college is more affordable, still have different options for 2 years degrees and have smaller classes, the community college is a better choice than universities for high school students. People can save lot money going to community college for their first two years, so they can put the saved money toward to the two or four more years to universities classes for their a Bachelor’s degrees, Master’s degrees and or Doctorates.